5/20/2023 0 Comments Ryzom rendeneth pelvisNerves of the lumbar plexus contained in the pelvis include the genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, obturator, and femoral nerves. The pelvic bones, and the girdle made by them, house nerves from the lumbar and sacral plexuses. Pelvic lymph nodes are a common site of prostatic and gynecologic cancer metastasis. Nodes with the corresponding vasculature appear in pairs, one being on the anatomical left and the other on the anatomical right. Major lymph nodes in this region include the obturator, common iliac, external and internal iliac, hypogastric, superior rectal, presacral, presacral, promontory, and perirectal nodes. The gonadal and uterine arteries will also run through and into the pelvic cavity, respectively, depending upon sex. Some of these arteries and their branches, such as the internal iliac, remain within the pelvic cavity while others travel out, such as the gluteals and external iliac, to supply regions such as the buttocks and lower limbs, respectively. These vessels include the common iliac artery, external and internal iliac artery, superior and inferior gluteal artery, obturator artery, superior vesical artery, and internal pudendal artery, along with their accompanying veins. Many blood vessels are contained within the cavity created by the pelvic bones. These growth plates close during mid-puberty. Secondary ossification centers are at the articulation of the three pelvic bones in the acetabulum, the crest of the ilium, anterior inferior iliac spine, tuberosity of the ischium, symphysis pubis, and ramal epiphyses. Secondary ossification occurs during the first year of life. Sacral ossification begins in the third month, with each of the vertebrae having three centers of ossification. Each bone’s primary center of ossification is near the future acetabulum, with the ossification process fanning out superiorly, inferiorly, and anteriorly in the direction of each bone. These mesenchymal masses then undergo endochondral ossification, with ilium, ischium, and pubis beginning primary ossification at third, fourth-to-fifth, and fifth-to-sixth months of gestation, respectively. Each pubic mass migrates medially to meet at the future pubic symphysis, while interactions with the primitive spinal column draw the iliac mass toward the sacrum derived from notochord mesenchyme. The ischial and pubic masses migrate around the obturator nerve, fusing inferiorly to form the obturator foramen. This mesenchyme begins extending out in three directions, corresponding to each of the three bones of the os coxae. Pelvic bones begin their development as mesenchymal tissue of the embryonic lower limb buds. Such organs include the bladder, rectum, urethra, and uterus in females. The rigid structure of these bones also protects the organs that lie within their confinements. The pelvis transmits the weight to the femur and both lower extremities. When a man stands upright, the center of gravity lies in the center of the body. This function takes place through the connection of the axial and appendicular skeletons at the sacroiliac joint. The primary function of the pelvic bones is to transfer the load of the upper body onto the lower limbs while standing or walking. On the anterior side of the same edge of the ischium is the tuberosity of the ischium. The ilium also has a posterior-inferior landmark known as the greater sciatic notch on it, with a subsequent lesser sciatic not being on the posterior-inferior side of the ischium. The superior edge of the ilium is named the crest of the ilium, or, more commonly, the iliac crest, with a tuberosity below it on the ilium’s anterior edge known as the anterior inferior iliac spine. Each of the pelvic bones also has many landmarks (i.e., tuberosities, notches) unique to the specific bone. This foramen allows the obturator nerve to leave the pelvic cavity. The pubis and ischium also articulate inferiorly at the ramal epiphyses, with their curving nature leaving an opening between them known as the obturator foramen. These three os coxae bones meet each other at the acetabulum, a medial structure that serves as an attachment point for the head of the femur. The os coxae attach anteriorly to each other at the pubic symphysis and posteriorly to each side of the sacrum, creating the sacroiliac joint. The os coxae itself is composed of the ilium (the flat superior protuberance), ischium (the curved anterior protuberance), and pubis bones (the curved inferior protuberance). The pelvis is comprised of the large hip bone, the os coxae, on each side.
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